Where Did the Roman Senate Meet

During the Roman Republic, Roman senators met together in their senate-house, which was known as the curia, a building whose history predates the Republic. In the mid-6th century B.C., the legendary King Tullus Hostilius is said to have built the first curia in order to house 10 elected representatives of the Roman people. These 10 men were the curiae. This first curia was called the Curia Hostilia in honor of the king. Location of the Curia The forum was the center of Roman political life and the curia was part of it. More specifically, in the forum was the, an area where the assembly met. It was originally a rectangular space aligned with the cardinal points (North, South, East, and West). The curia was to the north of the comitium. Most of the following information on the Curia Hostilia comes directly from forum member Dan Reynolds. Curia and the Curiae The word curia refers to the original 10-elected curiae (clan leaders) of the 3 original tribes of Romans: TitiesRamnesLuceres These 30 men met in the Comitia Curiata, the assembly of the curiae. All the voting originally took place in the Comitium, which was a templum (from which,temple). A templum was a consecrated space that, was circumscribed and separated by the augurs from the rest of the land by a certain solemn formula. Responsibilities of the Curia This assembly was responsible for ratifying the succession of kings (Lex Curiata) and for giving the king his imperium (a key concept in ancient Rome that refers to power and authority). The curiae may have become lictors or the lictors may have replaced the curiae, following the period of kings. During the Republic, it was the lictors (by 218 B.C.) who met in the comitia curiata to grant imperium to the newly-elected consuls, praetors, and dictators. Location of the Curia Hostilia The Curia Hostilia, 85 long (N/S) by 75 wide (E/W), was oriented facing south. It was a templum, and, as such, was oriented north/south, as were the major temples of Rome. On the same axis as the church (facing SW), but southeast of it, was the Curia Julia. The old Curia Hostilia was dismantled and where it once stood was the entrance to Caesars forum, which also ran northeast, away from the old comitium. Curia Julia Julius Caesar started the construction of a new curia, which was completed after he died and dedicated as the Curia Julia in 29 B.C. Like its predecessors, it was a templum. Emperor Domitian restored the curia, then it burnt down during the fire under Emperor Carinus, and was rebuilt by Emperor Diocletian.

Comparing the poems Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for...

Comparing the poems Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth, comment on the poets use of language and poetic technique showing how successful he is in conveying his message. Comparing the poems Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth, comment on the poets use of language and poetic technique showing how successful he is in conveying his message. Comparing the poems Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth, comment on the poets use of language and poetic technique showing how successful he is in conveying his message. Wilfred Owen wrote both the poems Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth during the First World War. Wilfred Owen was a British poet born in 1893. He†¦show more content†¦Dulce Et Decorum Est is about the mis-conceptions of war being all about glory. Owen portrays his thought across to the reader of what he has experienced as a soldier in war and he has seen horrifying things that have nothing to do with glory. As it gets towards the end of the poem, in the last verse, Owen gives a warning to the readers not to be delusional to glory but to know the true emotions of war, death, pain and misery. The title is important because it is a sarcastic comment on war and miss-conceives us that the poem is about the glory of war. The title attracts readers because they will be the people back at home that only know of the glory. Also the title could attract young boys/men who want to go to war because they like the idea of glory. The poem is written in free verse because Owen is just letting his thoughts pour out onto paper. It is possible that he was reflecting in the trenches after a battle about the things he had just seen. Maybe thats why he goes into such detail because the events are so fresh in his mind. However, he is in a position where he has to do what he is told and he cant go home because he is restricted to fighting in the war, his mind is able to wander and his thoughts are not restricted at all. The poem is set in four sections and I have discovered that they are in chronological order. The first stanza is about the menShow MoreRelated To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war.1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthese poems display the horrors of war. I have selected three poems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen. Compare how these poems show the horrors of World War 1. To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. I have selected three poems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen. I chose Anthem for Doomed Youth andRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth915 Words   |  4 Pageswere used to achieve this. In the two poems, Dulce et Decorum est., and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen, the author’s main purpose was to expose the true horrors of World War II and to challenge the romanticized view of war that poets such as Rupert Brooke held. To achieve this, Owen used familiar imagery techniques of similes and personification, and sound devices such as onomatopoeia and alliteration. In Dulce et Decorum est., Owen used the techniques of similes, †BentRead MoreFutility, Anthem For Doomed Youth, Dulce et decorum est and Mental cases by Wilfred Owens944 Words   |  4 PagesFutility, Anthem For Doomed Youth, Dulce et decorum est and Mental cases by Wilfred Owens â€Å"Above all I am not concerned with Poetry. My subject is War, and the pity of War. The poetry is in the pity†¦ All a poet can do today is warn. That is why true Poets must be truthful.† - Wilfred Owen, quoted in Voices In wartime, The Movie Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 and killed in 1918. At Twenty-Five years of age, he was the greatest poet of the First World War. He wrote many Read More The Negative View of Society in Wilfred Owens Poetry Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesDulce et Decorum est and Anthem for Doomed Youth are both written by Wilfred Owen, and both are written to show â€Å"the war [World War I] and the pity of war†. Owen does this by regaling very sad and often shocking poems that I believe are very effective in delivering their purpose. Both poems present negative views of society through tone and metaphors and Dulce et Decorum est also uses similes. A poem that presents a negative view on society is Dulce et Decorum est. It is a satirical poem aboutRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owens Anthem For Doomed Youth911 Words   |  4 Pagesreveals the plight of soldiers to ‘warn’ those who remain oblivious of the ‘pity of war’. The poet delivers critique on the lack of empathy from authoritative institutions in his 1917 ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, educating the audience on information which had previously been withheld in its time. ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ enlightens further by expounding on the physical and mental trauma of his ‘generation’, questioning age old paradigms on warfare that were ingrained into society. Either elegy gives voiceRead MoreEssay on Wilfred Owen3883 Words   |  16 Pages Wilfred Owen Read and Compare and Contrast the Following Poems by Wilfred Owen: [It Was a Navy Boy], Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Est. Wilfred Owen was a poet who was widely regarded as one of the best poets of the World War one period. Wilfred Owen was born on the 18th of March 1893, at Plas Wilmot, Oswestry, on the English Welsh border; he was the son of Tom and Susan Owen. During the winter of 1897-8 Tom Owen, Wilfred’s father was reappointed to Birkenhead, and withRead MoreWilfred Owen - Comparing Poetry4003 Words   |  17 PagesRead and Compare and Contrast the Following Poems by Wilfred Owen: [It Was a Navy Boy], Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Est. br brWilfred Owen was a poet who was widely regarded as one of the best poets of the World War one period. br brWilfred Owen was born on the 18th of March 1893, at Plas Wilmot, Oswestry, on the English Welsh border; he was the son of Tom and Susan Owen. During the winter of 1897-8 Tom Owen, Wilfreds father was reappointed to Birkenhead, and with thatRead MoreWilfred Owen Poetry799 Words   |  3 PagesHis injury influenced many of his poems such as ‘’Conscious’’. Some of his most famous works include ‘â€℠¢Dulce et Decorum Est’’, ‘’Insensibility’’, ‘’Anthem for Doomed Youth’’, ‘’Futility’’, and ‘’Strange Meeting’’. Owen was shot and died in battle on November 4, 1918; he was only 25 years old. In his poetry, Owen claims that war is a waste of human life and that it is horrible and cruel. One of Wilfred Owens greatest works is ‘’Anthem for Doomed Youth’’. The poem discusses the pointless deaths ofRead MoreWilfred Owen s Dulce Et Decorum Est1880 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the ages, poetry has played--and continues to play--a significant part in the shaping of a generation. It ranges from passionate sonnets of love to the gruesome realities of life. One such example of harsh realism is Wilfred Owen s Dulce et Decorum Est. Owen s piece breaks the conventions of early 20th Century modernism and idealistic war poetry, vividly depicts the traumatizing experiences of World War I, and employs various poetic devices to further his haunted tone and overall messageRead MoreThe Tradition Of War Poetry Essay2221 Words   |  9 Pages The Tradition Of War Poetry By comparing and contrasting a selection of war poems consider the ways in which attitudes to war have been explored and expressed. When considering poetry written post 1900 concentrate on a selection of poems written by Wilfred Owen. Humans have turned to poetry in many different instances as a way of expressing them selves, using the best combination of words, in the best order to express exactly how they are feeling at that moment.

Development The Corporate Education Sector â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Development The Corporate Education Sector? Answer: Introduction: Established in early 2000s, opal mart holds the credibility of being one of the finest retail marts in Australia. The company owns several hundred retail stores across the country and boasts impressive sales in some hundreds of millions. One of the finest work forces with employees from across the globe, ranging over 30000. Each individual store holds about 300-400 employees, Indian, Chinese and Australians dominate the workforce. The retail store in the past has encountered some problems related to falling sales number, closing down of stores and employee attrition. This can also be closely associated with communication gap between the management and the staff accompanied with difficulty in handling customer query and complaints, thus showing lacunae between the organization objective and strategy being implemented to handle such situation. Training the staff in an appropriate manner can be one of the viable solutions to improve the prevailing condition, resulting in boosting employ ee morale and ability to handle customer effectively. Why train2learn.com: The answer to this can be simply attributed to the fact that in the past, we have trained more than 80,000 employees when it comes to the retail segment, and ensured that the training imparted has been fruitful, we do have a system of follow up after every 3 months for duration of 2 years for continual assessment and evaluation of the training delivered. Some of the retail players to work with us are: Myer, Kmart, Target, Harvey Norman, Terry white and the list go on This states our understanding of the different types of situation faced by retail chains, and our proven expertise in this financial makes us The best training providers. For opal mart, we have devised training in 2 categories, one for the customer facing staff and other for the management. The modules are both engaging and intriguing at the same time. The Combination of video tutorials, test, lectures, and team building exercises, puzzles, and games makes the training modules extremely engaging and fun to learn Benefit of hiring train2learn: Train2learn has established its reputation in the retail segment since last 10 years and are the marketing leaders when it comes to delivering professional training to the employees. The company has a wide range of experts, who has relevant industry experience and is known in the industry for their powerful delivery. The training methodology of train2learn revolves around driving engagement to the content and then extract conversation out of the same, making the employee feel enriched. The modules are specifically written and designed keeping in mind the contemporary problems faced by different sectors, and hence the curriculum, which we provide is unparalleled, and has all the content of a great training module.Our case studies are based on real life industry scenarios, which helps the employees to connect better with the content. Communication Training: Its Importance in the organization Communication plays a central role in every facet of business, therefore it is highly recommended to have effective communication internally (in the organization, between the employees) and externally (between the organization and other stakeholders). Effective verbal nonverbal communication, thereby becomes vital in the workplace (Arnold Boggs, 2015). A lot of companies, hence spend a lot of money to train the employees on how to effectively communicate, which then goes beyond conversations and helps the employee in striking a chord with the individual. Advantages of Communication Training: Help with diversity: Successful companies have a good proportion of global counterparts and multiple cultures growing in the same area, in this type of situation, to communicate effectively becomes of prime importance to the growth of the company. The difference in cultures requires the employees to be well versed with their verbal and nonverbal communication(Powell Powell, 2015) Help with employee morale: It is one of the most significant factor which is contributed by effective communication, the employees feel motivated if the communication is smooth between the managers and the subordinates. A feeling of assurance sets in them, which in turn improves their contribution to the company and hence increases their productivity in the process. Things are bound to go smoothly if everyone is on the same page by understanding the goals and objective of the business (Shockley, 2015) Helps in team building: Effective communication helps in bringing a sense of ownership among the team members and also reduces unnecessary competition between various departments of the organization, which eventually results in more productivity, integrity and a sense of responsibility for their work. It is also proven that a manager who can communicate with his team effectively without creating a hostile environment can harbor positive synergies amongst the team members thus resulting In team building (Woodcock, 2017) Helps in building better relationships: Effective communication helps in building better, positive healthy relationships among all the stakeholders of the organization which then results in building harmonious relationship in the company(Rosenberg Chopra, 2015) Helps in becoming self-aware: The communication training helps an individual become self-aware, the training helps one in identifying his areas of improvement and with the training the areas can be addressed. It also helps them to grow as communicators and build on their unique strengths and deliver more power(Heine, 2015) Helps in removing cultural barriers: As mentioned earlier ,in global businesses, there are people from many cultures who are working side by side , for everyone, it does not come naturally to break those cultural barriers and get together, communication training can overcome such barriers with great ease( Kitmoller Lauring, 2013). Helps to facilitate innovation: Its a simple logic, when an employee is confident of his communication ability, he expresses his ideas as and when required, the brainstorming sessions with the team can be highly productive if he is comfortable and confident of his communication skill, in the absence of same, ideas dont flow and the company fails to get innovation out of its employees (Leeuwis, 2013). Helps in managing employees: When managers are effective communicators, they are in a position to delegate responsibilities to the employees in a better manner; they are in a position of command and also in a position to build better relationship with them. The feedback given by such managers can help the employees look seriously to it and work according to the goals set by the manager(Coombs, 2014) Helps in growth of the company: Its a self-explanatory statement , in absence of lack of communication any organization is prone to fall, but on the contrary, where communication flows effectively among all its employees and department, the company is sure to go leaps and bounds (Ward, 2016) Helps to ensure transparency in the system: Information when flowing seamlessly top to bottom and vice versa, employees tend to trust the management and similarly management trust the employees, externally also, it easier to build a trust with the brand which communicates with its audience, hence both internally and externally transparency is maintained in the system( Mishra Boynton, 2014). Issues to address: Consumer complaints handling: It has been pointed out in the case study, the staff at opal mart is really not smart to handle customer complaints/concerns in an effective manner, the lack of effective communication makes it worse, resulting in loosing customer and fall in the business, with the communication training our team will help the staff in being better communicators and handle customers in the way desired by the company. Brand reputation: Sharp fall in business, increase in customer complaints and shutting down of many stores put the company in a bad light, with the training proposal we would like to address that as well.. Conflict handling: It has been observed that there is a sense of conflict between staff members of different department, different groups due to state of distrust and lack of collaborative skills. This not only limits to internal conflicts, but its also towards buyers Merchandisers. The Barriers of communication: It is observed and has been brought to notice that the management is very rigid about the information they share with the staff, the information is not only restricted, its also misleading at times, leaving the staff in fury and a state of distrust, hence the staff also does not put in extra efforts to improve his productivity. Once these barriers of communication are removed, the system would become very productive, learning responsive. Training Philosophy: We at train2learn.com.au believe that people learn when they have an open mindset and are willing to engage, find the course relevant to them and have complete faith that the training will help them in improving their personality. We deploy a 3 step process in our training which consist of Traditional learning followed by applying learning and in the end action learning. Training audience: The training audience in this case can be categorized in 2: Sales staff/junior staff supervisors- Dealing with the customers directly, customer facing Senior managers/managers/decision makers- Responsible for processes/operation, alignment management controlling/strategic planning. Training Plan: A training plan will have to outline as to who will be delivering the training, when and where the training will take place and in depth the structure and components of training. The document can be treated as a working document and it highlights all the needs requirement of the training (Schaefer,Asteroth Ludwig, 2015). Training plan has some important components attached to it, some of which are: The competencies to be achieved. The time-frame for achieving the competencies. The training to be undertaken. The delivery modes required. Assessment details subsequent arrangements. Name of the qualification to be issued Training Framework: It can be understood as the brain soul of the entire training methodology, modules, trainers and the competencies one can achieve with the help of specific training (Zhao, Evans Dugelay, 2014). The timeline required for a particular module. Position Training Title Efficient communication series Becoming effective leader Effective creative problem solving Service Excellence(Delight) focustomer Motivation training Culture training Relationship building Strategic management Leadership 1 Leadership 2 Sales staff Supervisors Junior staff Communication skills R 12 Team work R 6 Customer focus R 4 Job functional skills R 6 Customer grievance handling R 8 Leadership R6 Managers, Senior Managers Communication R4 Leadership R 6 Teamwork R 4 Management R6 Note: R stands for required and the numerical following it stands for hours of training required. Training Modules: Efficient communication- Mr James Cock- Lecture video tutorials Leadership 1- Mr Robert - Lecture Leadership 2- Mr Robert- Lecture Strategic thinking- Mr Daniel Richardson- Video tutorial assignment Relationship building- Mr James cock- Lecture, video tutorial team assignment Service excellence- Mr Robert- Lecture Self-motivation- Miss Patricia-Movie lecture Culture training- Miss Patricia-Video tutorial lecture Decision making problem solving- Mr Daniel Richardson- Lecture, video tutorial, assignments. Urge to the CEO: In the capacity of Director (Customer handling), request you to kindly consider our proposal in the light of our previous accomplishments in the retail sector. At the same time keeping in mind that we are way ahead of our competitors in terms of experience, Teaching professionals, Curriculum of our training plan, our unique way of teaching and expertise in the retail segment. It can be established here, that Opal mart is surely going to benefit from the training provided train2learn, and it can be rest assured and can be further verified in the assessment of the opal mart staff right after the training, also 3 months after the training, the improvement in the staffs personality in terms of communication, customer complaint handling and do away with the cultural barriers. Conclusion: We would like to conclude with the saying, Learning is an important part of an employee personality development and a required facet for his growth at every stage of his professional journey and also the growth of company. At train2learn.com.au we assure to provide the employees with training which will result an increase in employee productivity, better communication flow, team building, customer service excellence appropriate customer grievance handling and all of these resulting in customer retention increase in sales. References: Arnold, E.C Boggs, K.U 2015, Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Coombs, W.T 2014, Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding, Sage Publications. Heine, S.J 2015, Cultural Psychology: Third International Student Edition, WW Norton Company. Klitmller, A Lauring, J 2013, When global virtual teams share knowledge: Media richness, cultural difference and language commonality, Journal of World Business, 48(3), pp.398-406. Leeuwis, C 2013, Communication for rural innovation: rethinking agricultural extension, John Wiley Sons. Mishra, K, Boynton, L Mishra, A 2014, Driving employee management: The expanded role of internal communications, International Journal of Business Communication, 51(2), pp.183-202. Powell, R.G Powell, D.L 2015, Classroom communication and diversity: Enhancing instructional practice, Routledge. Rosenberg, M Chopra, D 2015, Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life: Life-Changing Tools for Healthy Relationships, PuddleDancer Press. Schaefer, D, Asteroth, A Ludwig, M 2015, September. Training plan evolution based on training models, In Innovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA), 2015 International Symposium on (pp. 1-8). IEEE. Shockley, P 2014, Fundamentals of organizational communication, Pearson. Ward, J 2016, Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership, Springer. Woodcock, M 2017, Team development manual. Routledge. Zhao, X, Evans, N Dugelay, J.L 2014, A subspace co-training framework for multi-view clustering. Pattern Recognition Letters, 41, pp.73-82.

Staff Development And Managing Technology

Staff development is a continuous plan in school that focuses on developing teachers’ knowledge, skills and strategies. The development programs aim at influencing teachers’ self understanding and their behaviors so as to influence the students. This happens because teachers have a direct contact with the students in their daily operations through the process of learning and teaching. The training is reinforced through continuous, classified, formal or informal plans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Staff Development And Managing Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personal development addresses specific teaching career issues (Rodriguez, 2000, para. 3-7). This paper seeks to explore the essence of staff development and technology change management in schools and also analyze the effectiveness of these components. Introduction It is important for an institution or organization to capitalize on the staff’s abilities and potentials that arises from the shared responsibilities and the use of technology. This is because employees have the ability to improve their skills through self directed programs for development and trainings. However, whether or not it is an initiative of the school or company to have employees train, the staff has to be committed to learn and explore the learning opportunities. This is the only way in which the goals of the development plan can be achieved. Discussion The initial ability and comfort in using information technology to enhance staff skills and knowledge of content delivery in a learning environment may be a challenge. This is because of the various attitudes that are likely to emerge due to the different attitudes, beliefs and thoughts about the technology in use among individuals. The beliefs highly influence future intentions in the use of technology in the elementary education. Teachers can be given a chance to evaluate their skills against the parameters of the training program. A staff development practice in a school will foster personal development hence improve the overall performance in the institution. The proof for this can only be measured on improved results and achievements of students. The National Staff Development Council, NDSC advocates the improvement of professional efficiency in the teaching and learning process in order for all students to achieve their optimum results (Thomson Holloway, 1997, p. 312-314). Staff development not only aims at enhancing performances in school but also on enhancing workers’ attitudes towards work, positive motivation, creating strong relationships among the teachers and sharpening them on the acquire new skills and knowledge.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Staff development practices The fact that the training team has common values and long term g oals; every member has to tolerate multiplicity and disagreements in order to learn as a group. There is also the need to cultivate essential and quality practices that will help achieve a successful implementation of the staff development strategy. Study group is one of these quality practices that reinforce the achievement personal development among employees. Teacher trainees can be assigned to look into a particular area where most of them have a problem in teaching discipline. The group carries an extensive analysis on the area through sharing of opinions and seeking clarifications from the instructor and consulting among themselves. It is one way of strengthening staff-staff relationship. The study group also facilitates sharing of experiences, skills and knowledge hence learning new techniques that will further be used in classrooms to teach the students (Thomson Holloway, 1997, p.312-314). In staff development programs trainees coach one other. Peer coaching is another majo r program that teachers and instructors can undertake in efforts to enhance collaboration among them and overcome their differences. Collaborative practices encourage trust and openness among the teachers. Peer coaching also help the members to value each other and accommodate their diverse experiences, attitudes and behaviors. More so is because teachers have divergent attitudes and thoughts about change and improvement needful in meeting professional development. Peer coaching promotes teamwork other than working as an individual. It creates a forum for sharing successful experiences that facilitates career growth and support for colleagues in teaching profession (Rodriguez, 2000, para. 3-7). The idea of utilizing the teachers’ ability to use technology is not always an easy and one day event. Most learners are often concerned about the professional risks and changes that technology brings to education. This is because the learners must adapt to pressure while using the com puter aided instructions and also ensure maximum participation as an individual.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Staff Development And Managing Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This to some adults may mean avoidance or even fear while using technology hence failure in meeting the expected results (Thomson Holloway, 1997, p. 312-314). Some techniques may involve the use of net to carry out research and electronic projections to learn. Self direct learning can also be done though attending seminars in order to enhance an individual’s knowledge and skills. Staff development approaches for adults Professional Staff development strategies organize adults into learning communities with the goals of improving learning among the trainees of the program. Teachers, students and the administrators need this form of professional training that is far different from the traditional workshop- driven approach . It may involve an ongoing team that meets regularly on certain days and at a given time with the goal of conducting joint lesson planning and also methods of problem solving. The commitment in the learning process among these learning communities is to adhere to the norm of a continuous enhancement and experimentation in order to enhance their daily work and also achieve the school goals (Rodriguez, 2000, para. 3-7). My understanding of development approaches for adults have been reinforces due to various factors as argued below. Adults commit themselves to learning only when the objectives and goals are realistic and meet their needs. Therefore when designing such a professional program, it is important to conduct needs assessment program so as to achieve an effective professional development program. The belief that learning activities is challenge to adults’ competencies may contravene the professional development approach. This is because they are their own origin of ed ucation and will therefore reject learning activities on the belief of attacking their qualifications. The other reason is that these learners have differences in levels of learning experiences, interests, self-direction, and competencies. Professional development learning must relate to the individual’s day- day activities. If the approach is technical and hard to understand, then the probability of its unsuccessful application is high. The learners must also be given direct experiences and relevant examples so that they can apply the skills in real work (Thomson Holloway, 1997, p. 312-314). Strategies to implement this in classrooms should then be implemented to see to it that teachers accept the use of technology with their own abilities. They may design video formulated programs to use in classrooms while teaching. They also need a hand- on trial in order to utilize the acquired skill, develop units, and implement the program by themselves.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To sustain this skill, follow up is need. They get opportunities to participate in an ongoing discussion. They can also reflect on the necessary processes and procedures that bring in the expected change (Rodriguez, 2000, para. 3-7). The understanding for staff development and technology development has also been reinforced because of the knowledge that there exists a direct connection between the curriculum and technology in use. If the teachers his students excelling and having improvements, then there is a link. Professional development on technology use needs to illustrate projects on particular areas of the curriculum in use, the skills and assessment competencies. The use of Specific content helps the instructors to analyze, reflect on the ideas and the structure of the project. Good integrated training programs do not necessarily see the need to use technology in classrooms but also checks on the outcome of its application. There is a relation between staff development in sch ool and educational change. These changes may be in the form of new plans, strategies and or even cross- curriculum initiatives that enhance the school curriculum (Clerk Mayer, 2007. p.7-28). Staff development approaches and the use of technology Learning approach in staff development of adults must be guided by the adult learning theory. The theory asserts that adults require viable and distinct experiences with enough content support, frequent response to the practices done, continuous and sustained follow ups. Staff development and the use of technology are totally different from the traditional mode of training and education which only carry out workshops. Research shows that teachers comprehend well the content provided to them when reinforced for a long time as compared to workshops which conduct a single session. The devised staff development strategy undertaken should be a long term based implementation plan. This is because the teachers require an on going support while th ey develop their skills to obtain the objected skills and knowledge. Single trainings and workshops often results in ineffectiveness, waste of time, money and energy. Lecture-base trainings must be avoided by all means while developing the skills of an organization’s employees. It is important to note that this paper doe not aim at stating that traditional approaches of professional development did not succeed at but other improved ways of effectively training employees. An instructor must by all means avoid delivering the content of the program by just verbal words alone. However, a combination of both word and practice must be incorporated for optimum results. Professional development in adult education requires well formulated approaches. Workshops and presentations enhance attainment of new ideas and skills concerning a particular topic by giving direct instructions and also enabled participatory practices. This may be undertaken as the initial step towards attainment of professional development in adults. This is because the organized workshop acts a vehicle in introducing the participants to the strategies of gaining professional development. It may also helps in introducing the practitioners to the relevant knowledge or skills that they further put hands-on (Rodriguez, 2000, para. 3-7). The instructor must design a comprehensive and practical development plan to reinforce the learning abilities of the staff. Such a plan requires investment. Regardless of the difficulties at the starting time, the participants must show commitment to the learning process and later move from move from teacher trainees to competent professional with time. Benefits of staff development and use of technology use in schools Job rotation in teaching is an out dated and ineffective approach of staff development and should be replace with Computer Aided Instructions (CAI). Computers display instructions when one needs such assistance, play audio on demand. CAI is one of t he most effective approaches of staff development among adult trainees. Unlike CAI job rotation involves rotation of staff through various levels/classes in order to acquaint them with the technicalities at each level. Its efficiency is insignificant (Clerk Mayer, 2007. p.37). The effects of CAI are significantly noticeable because it allows teachers to put their practice the areas that concern them. A school’s technology plan should be designed to incorporate professional development and technology use. The reason for this is that the inclusion of technology in the school’s overall improvement plan helps improve learning and teaching processes in school. The integrated technology in the school curriculum must be sufficiently sustained so as to allow the instructors and administrators continue using technology in learning processes (Thomson Holloway, 1997, p.312-314). With technology, individuals get personalized instructions that enable the staff to actively partici pate in the learning process of their professional development as compared to the traditional job rotations. Technology grants educators diverse opportunities to improve their teaching skills which in turn increase the students’ ability and achievements in education. Learning and working together produces improved and better results than learning and working individually. This is because technology does not allow interactions rather it permits software socialization and collaboration via real time like discussion boards and emails (Rodriguez, 2000, para. 3-5). Technology in staff development allows the learners to try out the newly skill acquired during the workshop session, the trainees follow up by applying what they observe in workshop and give a feedback. This comes after the learner has rehearsed the details provided to have the data integrated in long term memory. Feedback approach provides the learners with information and response that relates to their performance. In case the learner wants to try out another skill acquired at the first stage then the research or inquiry approach may be applied. This approach ensures that the learners think about their daily operations in relation to the acquired skill. They reflect on their practices over time. On the same line, workshops and seminars can be arranged to discuss needs analysis and then collaboratively come up with curriculum development program reinforcement (Thomson Holloway, 1997, p. 312-314). With CAI, the process of learning takes place smoothly without boredom, fatique and impatience that is a common behavior in most ‘traditional classrooms. With Computer Aided Instructions, students receive immediate feedback. It also gives the students the ability to decide on the speed at which to receive instructions and content. Additionally, after the teachers have gone through staff development trainings using technology, the teachers is saved the energy of moving from one station to another wh ile giving same instructions to different students (Clerk Mayer, 2007. p.37). Technological staff development plans provide instructions that are tailored to the learners’ requirements. The learners send their responds to the instructor’s questions, if there is an error on the learners practice problem, the system will sends increased instructions to help the learner solve the problem. This system allows the learners to practice inputting data into the computer hence feedback practice. The practice continuous until they get the right answers as per the instructions. Contrary to as many may think, there is no one perfect professional development approach. From the discussion, multiple approaches may be integrated to solve dynamic issues related to particular program content and also as per the needs of the learner. The effectiveness of particular staff development program comes as a result of utilizing integration of different approaches to be use for different situati ons. Professional development for the staff comes with a variety of factors and not just adoption of one approach. It is important to connect program to the students learning in order to facilitate high –order thinking. The development plan should be designed to incorporate technology use. The reason for this is that the inclusion of technology in the school’s overall improvement plan helps improve learning and teaching processes in school. The integrated technology in the school curriculum must be sufficiently sustained so as to allow the instructors and administrators continue using technology in learning processes (Rodriguez, 2000, para. 3-7). During the learning process, there is need to divide the participants into small groups so that they can share, reflect together and finally generalize their learning experiences to achieve the desired results. This is different from the idea of having one individual analyzing, reflecting and evaluating about an idea and then practice the same alone. Training strategies must aim at passing skills and knowledge to an individual and the knowledge retained, then applied at work place creating for more opportunities to acquire skills. On certain programs, learner may have to keenly observe and master the graphs and words provided in order to use the data for the practice session. Culture and staff development Every successful staff training program faces several challenges from the existing cultural differences among the members of the school. The cultural components relate to the relationship between research and teaching and also in the nature of teaching. The context in which Personal and professional development takes place also influences its success. To begin with school timetable and schedule plans may limit the teachers in securing time for the joint planning. This is because the teachers have class responsibilities that they must fulfill to meet the administration’s requirements. For the set staff development plan to effectively progress and be a successful project the school has to have a flexible program to accommodate teachers’ development that fosters for the success of learning on students (Clerk Mayer, 2007. p.37). The other cultural limitation is the leadership system in the school. Principals and heads must support the initiatives for teachers’ development by allocating enough time for a continual learning process. The administration and management must also provide the required resources for the learning programs. If this is not the case, then it can be said that the leaders are not committed to the staff training session s and implementing the development plan. Successful implementation of an education change plan calls for good practices among all participants in professional development in order to achieve positive students’ progress (Thomson Holloway 1997, pg.312). Individual teachers’ development also encounters the culture of individualism. This is a common isolation practice among teachers that protects teachers from criticism and blame. Some teachers tend to concentrate on short time plans in their classrooms and avoiding discussing and committing time for the necessary changes that affect their daily practices. Individualism results into failure collaboration with fellow teachers through fear of criticism and judgments. This affects the process of meaningful feedback, their value and competencies. Individual attitudes towards the use of technology in education play a major role in determining the results of using technology to improve the staffs’ skills. It becomes a concern to the learners about their ability to grasp the skills of using technology itself while on the learning process. These attitudes vary among different individuals ranging from generic ‘motherhood beliefs’ to the apprehensiveness of technology. ‘Motherhood’ beliefs question about the positive value s that technology brings (Thomson Holloway 1997, pg.312). Culture dominantly influences the learner’s choices for the training program. For instance, certain beliefs limit one’s selection of some subjects. To resolve this, training has to be reflective of the educator’s ability to influence the choices of learner’s positively. Furthermore, culture determines who will take part in what training program. Oppressive cultures that are oppressive to women, limit a woman’s choice of a training program. Thus, the use of peer coaching or study groups of different gender in cultures where women should only learn limits the learning that that the participants of such programs acquire. These are some culture which can negatively affect any staff development in a school because there is generally lack of commitment for the training program. There are major benefits that accrue to staff training and development that can not be ignored. These benefits surpass t he above discussed thoughts, beliefs an attitudes associated with technology in adults learning. It is therefore imperative to ensure that beyond these cultural challenges, the main objective of the professional development program is successfully implemented. The other idea that emerges in addition to the above discussion is the confidence of teachers of practicing the new skills like computer use knowledge. To all the teachers who use internet to research and later write research reports, the probability is that they struggle with lack of self confidence. The learners may never be confident about how well they were prepared to practically use technology while teaching. This is a major set back of using while implementing a development strategy to improve the staffs’ pre- service programming skills. This program may also increase anxiety among the group of how they will be using technology in classrooms upon their students (Thomson Holloway, 1997, p. 312-314). Conclusion An effective professional development program is an ongoing process and not a single instance application. Teachers need to continually practice the technology in use comfortably and in a professional manner. Significant changes in the school may take place after several years. This allows for the teachers enough time to comprehend integrated and master the new information and approaches into their daily practices. It is clear that, an instructor must be able to evaluate the approach he chooses for professional development. This is an intentional reflective practice that any instructor who aims at succeeding must do in order to refine the approach. This is more often done at the presentation stage so as to encourage the educators to reflect on the situation and then formulate other viable solution to the learner’s problem. Hand in hand with this kind of reflective approach is observing the educator through video or class attendance. Reference List Clerk, R. Mayer, R. (2007). E -learning and the science of instruction: proven guidelines of consumers and designers of multimedia learning: U.S, John Wiley and sons. Web. Rodriguez, G. (2000). Critical issue: providing professional development for effective technology use. Web. Thomson, J. Holloway, D. (1997). Staff development and a culture of collection in a primary school. Teacher development. Vol. 1, No. 2, Routledge: Routledge. This essay on Staff Development And Managing Technology was written and submitted by user Brett J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

RAW essays

RAW essays Different ideas of an institution can be perceived through a particular composers expression. Raw by Scott Monk portray an institute as a place of healing and rehabilitation, through Brett Deltons changes. However One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest directed by Milos Forman, depicts an institution to be; a place for wrongful punishment and misuse of power. Both of the composers use narrative features such as plot, themes, characterisation, attitudes as well as event settings in their texts. In addition, Monk uses linguistic devices: including imagery, sound devices and figurative devices. Whereas Forman uses cinematic techniques such as music, lighting, shot angle and types of shot to reflect his attitude. The two major differences in these texts are the genre and the composers attitude to institutions. The two different types of genre use their own specific techniques as well as the narrative features. In Raw, Monk uses many realistic examples to involve responders in feeling what Brett feels. For example, during his trip from Sydney to Moree, while the two police take breaks along the trip, Brett was left in his boiling steel framed-cage. Without a proper drink and rest, he travelled for twelve hours straight. By using colloquial languages and common rebellious jargon; such as cop are pigs and yeah, Monk was able to bring Bretts feelings to us. Because Monks text is a novel, it is difficult for us to pick out one or two exact words to illustrate his usage of linguistic devises; however, we can generally witness his use of sound devises and imagery to portray his institutional ideas. In cheaper one, Monk begins with a loud bang; this use of onomatopoeia enables responders to generate an aural image in their mind. In addition it grasps our attention creating suspense for what we are about to read (the sentencing of Bretts wrongful deeds). Other imagery u...

Medievil essays

Medievil essays The Role of Miracles and the Supernatural in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages Supernatural events and miracles are very common in medieval lierature. Many of these miracles were used for common purposes, which were to provide examples of an ideal Christian way of life and promote conversion to Christianity. They do this by writing about miracles that punished people who acted improperly, miracles that took place to reward Christians for doing good deeds, showing extreme and persistent faith, or for those who were leading moral lives. Some examples of medieval literature that contain miracles which serve this purpose are Saint Augustines Confessions, MacMullens Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, HillGarths Christianity and Paganism, 350-750, Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Gregory of Tours History of the Franks, and in the works of Saint Boniface. Saint Augustines work includes a miracle that took place because a man begged his admission to god. This man was blind and had heard of people who were ...vexed by impure spirits and were healed... (165). He immediately asked his guide to being him to the place were this was happening, which was where the bodies of the martyrs Protasius and Gervasius lay. He rubbed a sacred cloth over his eyes and immediately regained his lost eyesight. This miracle was included to show the benefits of showing ones allegiance to god and by doing so, Augustine would be able to get others to convert to Christianity. Augustine describes the roles of miracles himself when he wrote that they ...symbolize the sacraments of initiation and miraculous wonders necessary to initiate and convert uninstructed and unbelieving people (I Cor. 14:23) (299). MacMullens book also contains accounts of miracles that were...

Human Rootedness and Its Importance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Rootedness and Its Importance - Essay Example By establishing a hierarchy in the appreciation of the senses though, there is also the propensity for man to detach himself from his inherent humanness. Apparently, it is not just vision that makes a human being; it is also the other four senses. Aside from sight, man can only enjoy his existence and make it relevant if he has the senses of hearing, touch, scent, and taste. In fact, he can even discern further on the existence of other things by using not just his eyes but all the other faculties related to the other four senses. This is the point raised by Juhani Pallasmaa in the book The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. In Vision and Knowledge, which is a definitive portion of the book, the renowned architect provides valuable philosophical inputs on the dominant mode of thinking regarding the designs of buildings and other works of architecture. Pallasmaa categorically expresses the perspective that the overemphasis on vision and the tendency to set aside or to rele gate the other senses to a minor role can be seen in the very architectural designs that are prevalent. As a consequence, building designs too are no longer anchored on comprehensive humanness but only one aspect, vision, which is often associated to aesthetics when it comes to architecture. Pallasmaa’s view, however, is not only relevant to architecture. It may even be considered as a current truth seen in how human beings actually treat themselves and everything else that surrounds them. By ignoring the importance of the other four senses, people are predisposed to lose their human rootedness. By losing such rootedness, they drift towards the creation of objects that are not really founded on the most positive and innate characteristics of humans. The feeling of the alienation and detachment not just from others but from one’s own humanness can be attributed to environmental factors. Ironically, such external conditions are not natural but are made by man too. As an architect, Pallasmaa points out that the man’s own products in building design and construction have led to such situation. He writes that â€Å"the growing experiences of alienation, detachment, and solitude in the technological world today, for instance, may be related with a certain pathology of the senses.† (284) It is clear that technology is a product of man’s ingenuity. Since it is always associated with the future, technology is a product of man’s vision. The other senses could only appreciate the present; it is vision that is capable of grasping the things that has yet to come. However, alienation and solitude are obvious symptoms of the lack of human rootedness. Human rootedness is the condition in which an individual is in touch with himself and with the world around him. This can only be achieved by relying on all his senses and not just sight. Sight can take one’s attention away from objective conditions but the other senses would cert ainly keep him grounded. It is true that having sight means having sense of direction. With it, man is able to build and travel from the present to the future. However, â€Å"the art of the eye has certainly produced imposing and thought-provoking structures, but it has not facilitated human rootedness in the world.† (Pallasmaa 286) There are beautifully designed buildings that satisfy the sight but have failed to provide contentment to the individual. There are structures that may be visually appealing but also strike a feeling of loneliness and of isolation. There are imposing buildings that convey authority but these also trigger the sense of isolation of those who do not own or control it. All these are proofs that the neglect of other senses and the overemphasis on sight can adversely affect

Standard and Non-Standard English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Standard and Non-Standard English - Essay Example Whether we like it or not, there exist some of variations of the English language. In America alone, a great deal of language variation can exist within the bilingual or English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom, in both English and in the non-English languages. In a bilingual setting in Los Angeles, one teacher identified three varieties of English and three varieties of Spanish in her classroom. Each variety carried with it information about social status and the cultural background of the speaker: Instruction officially went on in the standard forms of English and Spanish, but students used two other varieties of English-Black English and Chicano English-and two other versions of Spanish-Chicano Spanish and a rural northern Mexican variety (Ovando et al., 2002). Globally, Kachru (1992) had also revealed the varieties of English spoken worldwide on the basis of countries in which English is spoken. Kachru (1992) divided countries based into three types labelled the Inner, Outer and Expanding circles. Examples of the inner circle of essentially English-speaking countries include the USA, UK, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Traditionally non-native speakers have looked to these varieties as providing standards and norms to which they are expected to conform. McArthur (1994) argues that there is now a fair degree of standardisation between many English-speaking nations. Not only the UK and the USA are fairly standardised in their English usage, but Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa as well, fall into this group. Despite some level of standardisation, important differences remain. There are still many people from many regions who manifest significant divergence from the norms of "mainstream" English usage. Trompenaars (1993) summed up the essence of the problem: " as we all know, even the English and Americans are separated by a common language which is used quite differently in different contexts and which has some serious differences in the meanings of individual words" (p. 69). However, although there are regional differences within the native inner circle varieties, people who speak these regional variants have control of and understand the standard native variety of the country in which they reside. Problems in communication need not arise and therefore difficulties in communication between native speakers speaking different varieties of English will not be covered here. Moreover, the Outer Circle refers to countries where English functions as one of many languages and has an official (e.g. Nigeria), or an "associate official language" (India) status. English is used in these countries for a variety of purposes including educational, social, administrative and literary domains. Examples include Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines. Countries in the Expanding Circle use English as an international language. The speakers do not have a colonial past and the English they learn is based on Inner Circle varieties. Speakers have differing degrees of competence, there are little in the form of shared norms, differences occur mainly in proficiency. In these countries (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, etc.) the number of users is increasing rapidly. The problem with standard and non-standard varieties of English in education is that grammar is usually sacrificed. This is because children learn the structure of the English language-its grammar- intuitively as they learn to talk;

The Dark Knight of a Postmodern World Essay Example for Free

The Dark Knight of a Postmodern World Essay â€Å"The Dark Knight† is a film based on DC comic book character Batman and his fight to protect his home, Gotham City, from the antagonist, the Joker. Director Chris Nolan provides the viewer with not only an action film, but also a thought-provoking masterpiece. The film focuses on the thin line between sanity (Batman) and madness (Joker) and how anyone can easily turn from good to evil, the example being Harvey Dent becoming Two-Face in such a short time. The film deconstructs previous ideas of the â€Å"hero† by portraying Batman not as a hero, but as an â€Å"anti-hero†. He appears to be the hero, but possesses no superpowers and also causes mayhem in his city, much like a villain would. The Joker represents postmodernism because he threatens our â€Å"givens† (Instead of soldiers who are allowed to die, threaten the mayor and hospitals). He makes people question everything, creating chaos. The Joker also represents post-modern beliefs because he challenges our idea of the conventional villain, who is supposed to represent pure evil, by comparing himself to the hero, Batman, using such examples as how they are both freaks to society and how they were both created by one bad day. The most important instance of post-modern values is the Jokers entire character. He believes the average man lives with a bloated sense of humanity’s importance and a frail and useless notion of order and sanity. He sees human existence as mad, random, and pointless and the world as a psychotic carnival of animals that will kill each other at the first chance; â€Å"When the chips are down, these uh, these civilized people, theyll eat each other. Although his beliefs on others are post-modern, his attitude toward himself seems very naturalist-like. In one scene he explains â€Å"You know what I am? Im a dog chasing cars. I wouldnt know what to do with one if I caught it! You know†¦I just do things†¦Im not a schemer. I try to show the schemers how pathetic their attempts to control things really are. † This shows how the Joker just forgoes all planning and thinking and just does what feels right. Another belief the Joker has that I believe represents post-mod ernism is that chaos is fair. This quote challenges our pre-conceived notion that order and civility is fair by presenting a good case for his side throughout the movie. The movie itself confuses the viewer by making the Joker (the villain) the only person who logically acted from a clear set of principles, while Batman and Harvey Dent came off as characters without a clear sense of what their principled core might be. Batman, on the other hand, challenges our idea of what a â€Å"hero† is. Although he is the good side to the Jokers bad side, he is not a hero but an anti-hero. Batman is the â€Å"hero† Gotham needs (â€Å"I can do those things because Im not a hero, not like Dent. I killed those people. Thats what I can be Youll hunt me. Youll condemn me, set the dogs on me, because thats what needs to happen. ), but not deserves, so he is cast out, which is the opposite of what happens to guys like Superman or Spiderman, but Batman, unlike conventional heroes, can BE the outcast because it’s a necessary part of society. The irony in Batman being cast out is that it is exactly how the Joker is treated. Another similarity between the two is that they both create chaos in the city, although for Batman it is necessary for the greater good and the Joker believes living in a world of chaos is a good thing. The similarities between the Joker and Batman intrigued audiences, which may have been what made the film so popular. It presented a loved â€Å"hero† like Batman, and focused on the darker side of him, mainly the fact that he is a vigilante, an ordinary citizen who works outside the legal system for a greater cause. The Dark Knight† created its own niche in American cinema by deconstructing our idea of a hero and making us think about our own grip on sanity as individuals and as a society. Heath Ledger’s death didn’t hurt the movie’s popularity either, of course, he played that role perfectly, and so the fame is well-deserved. I personally am a huge Batman/ Joker fan, and â€Å"The Dark Knight† made me rethink Batman as a character and look at the characters involved closer and differently to find out what they truly represent.

Electronic Voting Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Electronic Voting Gunmen on the grassy knoll, AIDS, landing on the moon, chemtrails, UFO’s, CIA mind control and Waco are some of the well-known conspiracies. But what about George W. Bush’s re-election? This cynicism goes beyond political rhetoric and focuses on our ability to participate in a representative democracy. Developed by the ancient Greeks, one of the first voting systems involved dropping bronze disks into barrels. As technology progressed, the advancements in voting systems surrendered an unacceptable system that lacks accuracy despite public outcry for a paper-verified trail. A voting system has four characteristics: accuracy, anonymity, scalability, and speed. Current electronic voting machines claim to posses these qualities, but to whose standards? Perfection is not reality and human errors are inevitable. Therefore, elimination of controllable errors becomes top priority. Each state must burden this task without national standards resulting in computer technology as a quick fix to a problem. Maryland primarily uses Diebold Direct Electronic Votin...

Agile Software Development

Testing in Agile software development approach is quite different from the traditional testing methodologies as it requires testing at every phase of the development and not only by the Quality Assurance team but by developers and business analysts as well.This is because 1) Agile software development requires testing throughout the lifecycle of the project and 2) Developers and Business Analysts are under the system and the business better, respectively.According to Ambler, the basic strategy of testing in Agile software development is testing throughout the lifecycle and therefore can be divided into following four phases:1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initiation – This is often short and includes indentifying initial acceptance tests, setting up the testing environment and identifying a testing team for the project. The benefit of this test phase is to set-up testing groundwork, possibly install the tools that will be needed for testing as well.2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Construction – This may comprise of any number of iterations depending on how the scope and management of the project. A significant amount of testing occurs during this phase. Concepts such as ‘confirmatory’ and ‘investigative’ testing is employed here by the agile developers who test often, test early and usually test first. Confirmatory and Investigative testing, as described by Ambler, are briefly defined below:a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Confirmatory Testing – This focuses on verifying that the system fulfills the intent of the stakeholders as described to the team to date. Two aspects of confirmatory testing, as presented by Ambler, are:i.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Agile Acceptance Testing – is a mix of traditional functional testing and traditional acceptance testing because the development team and their stakeholders are doing it collaboratively. Developer testing is a mix of traditional unit testing and traditional class/component/service integration testing.ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developer Testing – strives to verify the application code and the database schema and to look for coding errors, perform at least coverage if not full path testing, and to ensure that the system meets the current intent of its stakeholders.It is often done in a test-first manner, where a single test is written and then sufficient production code is written to fulfill that test. (Ambler, Agile Testing Strategies)b.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Investigative Testing – This strives to discover problems that the development team didn't consider.Agile teams produce working software at the end of each construction iteration and hence a new version of the system should ideally be given to a separate test team that which can be assigned the goal to explore potential scenarios that neither the development team nor business stakeholders may have considered. (Ambler, Agile Testing Strategies)3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Release – At this stage, the project is ready to be delivered to the user an d is tested from user acceptance point of view at this stage.4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production – Once the system has been delivered, defects may arise and Agile testing ensures that these defects are fixed in a timely and appropriate manner.Testing Tools It is not necessary to use a tool, solely designed for testing in an Agile development methodology. Automated testing holds a key place in agile development because of the sheer amount of testing that is required throughout the lifecycle.Some tools that have been used by agile development and testing teams include JUnit for Unit testing, Fit and Fitnesse for acceptance testing, Autoit and Selenium for functional testing etc.Microsoft Visual Studio is the first IDE that introduced integrated unit testing tool (Ingles)Test Documents Agile software development encourage going as light as possible, hence the need for singular reference points and avoidance of multiple documents and redundant information as is the norm in traditional approaches. (Ambler, Single Source Information – An Agile Practice for Effective Documentation)The main documentation work required in Agile software development is:1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Test plan to ensure comprehensive coverage of the software and guarantee quality (Black)2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Traceability Matrices – these matrices are used in testing phases to link functionality and test cases to specific requirements.Risks involvedThere are however certain risks involved in Agile development as suggested by some researchers. Some of these have been quoted below (Agile Software Development): ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of structure and necessary documentation ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incorporates insufficient software designRequires too much cultural change to adopt Can lead to more difficult contractual negotiations Can be very inefficient — if the requirements for one area of code change through various iterations, the same programming may need to be done several times over.Whereas if a plan were there to be followed, a single area of code is expected to be written once. Impossible to develop realistic estimates of work effort needed to provide a quote, because at the beginning of the project no one knows the entire scope/requirements Drastically increases the risk of scope creep due to the lack of detailed requirements documentation Agile is feature driven, non-functional quality attributes are hard to be placed as user stories Test Standards The standards that have been introduced for agile software development include ISO/IEC 12207:1995 and its replacement ISO/IEC 15288:2002. Other standards that are also of interest to software development are ISO/IEC 15939:2002 (Software measurement process) and ISO/IEC 14143 (Software measurement – Functional size measurement). (W.H. MORKEL THEUNISSEN) Bibliography 28 July 2008 .28 July 2008 .28 July 2008 .28 July 2008 .28 July 2008 .â€Å"Agile Software Development.â⠂¬  Wikipedia. 28 July 2008 .Agile Software Development: Definition. 28 July 2008 .Ambler, Scott. Agile Testing Strategies. 28 July 2008 .—. â€Å"Single Source Information – An Agile Practice for Effective Documentation.† 28 July 2008 .Black, Rex. 28 July 2008 .Ingles, Paul. 28 July 2008 .W.H. MORKEL THEUNISSEN, DERRICK G. KOURIE AND BRUCE W. WATSON. â€Å"Standards and Agile Software Development.† 28 July 2008 .

To Use or Not to Use Singlish “Aiyah! so Headache!”

Victoria University of Wellington School of Linguistics and Applied Languages Studies WRIT 101 – Writing English Assignment 2 – Persuasion Due Date: 20 September 2004 Name of Student: Chor Teck Daryl Toy To Use or Not To Use Singlish â€Å"Aiyah! So Headache! † + In recent years, there has been much concern on how Singaporeans use English. While some consider Singapore Colloquial English or Singlish as an undeniable part of being a Singaporean, others including the Government, deem it inferior, even condemn it, and support the use of Singapore Standard English almost relentlessly (Tan 2002).I shall attempt to address the following question, â€Å"Should Singlish be accepted and used or be abandoned? † I believe we need to use both Singlish and Standard English in order to be effective life-long communicators. We shall look into this argument in the context of education, the sociolinguistic understanding of diglossia and code-switching, and the role of teac hers in guiding students in the language acquisition process. Firstly, let us look at the development of English that eventually led to this language controversy in Singapore.English is one of the four official languages recognised in Singapore. It is the language medium used in education, in administration, and in the workforce, and is often used at home nowadays, along with the other ‘mother tongues’. Some, especially the younger families, have adopted English as their first language. Out of this multi-lingual background comes Singlish, which blends English with the other local languages, accents, dialects and slang. Singlish is used in informal ccasions, especially among children, adolescents, and the less-educated. If we were to spend some time mingling with Singaporeans and listening to the way we converse with each other, we may catch colloquial phrases like, â€Å"Why you so like dat? † â€Å"Eeee! You so kiasu one! † â€Å"Dun play-play with me! à ¢â‚¬  â€Å"Do your work lah! † Such familiar terms can also be detected in local television programmes, like Under One Roof and Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd, and in local films, like Army Daze, Money No Enough and I Not Stupid.Indeed, Singlish has become an unofficial Singaporean icon, which I think, our friends from other countries can use to identify and differentiate who we are from other Asians! While Singlish is widely used in Singapore, it is often treated with disgust, even disdain and aversion, especially by the highly-educated and ‘language-purity’ advocates. Singlish is viewed as an embarrassing reflection of Singaporeans being ‘uncouth’ and ‘uneducated’, as contrast with Standard English. As former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong once commented, â€Å"Poor English reflects badly on us †¦ and makes us seem less intelligent or competent. (Tan 2002) As Singlish is seen as ‘poor English’, attempts, such as the governmen t-supported â€Å"Speak Good English Movement†, are set to propagate the proper use of the language among Singaporeans, mainly through the education system. Despite the various efforts made in condemning and even banning the use of Singlish in Singapore, there is no denying that using this locally-conceived language is very much a part of being a true-blue Singaporean. We use it in our daily lives with our families, friends and even at work in our conversations.Linguists have noted that most children in Singapore would acquire Singlish first from their homes or in kindergartens, rather than Standard English (Gupta 2001, Deterding 1998). In some studies conducted on language acquisition, it is observed that adults used the low variety of a language to communicate with their children, who in turn use it to communicate with their peers (Ferguson 1959). In accordance to the language phenomenon of diglossia, it is argued that children would acquire language initially through its n on-standard, colloquial, low variety, before learning its standard high variety through formal education.In line with the view mentioned above, some might feel that a little dose of Singlish used sometimes in the formal language acquisition process can help relax the already tense and stressful study atmosphere. Surely it would provide some lighter and humorous moments to the classroom. During my teaching stint in the primary school, I remember that my students would listen amusingly to my teaching, and appreciate my efforts in explaining complex terms with some occasional ‘lahs’ and ‘lehs’.Students, especially those yet to be competent enough to communicate in English, would find it easier to use a bit of Singlish to speak up in class at the initial stage of their learning. After all, don’t most students sometimes find it daunting to use the language they are learning, with an almost gripping fear of being ridiculed for their errors? Surely they wou ld choose to approach the language through its low variety first, before working their way towards the high.Allowing them to use Singlish as a basis might help to create a safe environment for our students to eventually acquire Standard English in their language learning experience. However, as an English language teacher, I do advocate the need to use Standard English as part of our linguistic repertoire, since it is the language of administration, economy, and communication in Singapore, and a channel to communicate with other countries. As teachers, while we teach Standard English with its different genre, conventions, functions and its importance, we should gradually encourage our students to use the language in their lives.Nevertheless, we should bear in mind in our teaching our students’ linguistic background, which includes Singlish. Therefore, I suggest that we should use the sociolinguistic understanding of diglossia and code-switching in the language teaching and le arning process. We, as parents and teachers, want our children and students to learn to communicate effectively as they grow. Therefore, we should teach them to identify and realise for themselves the different domains in which they have to switch between using Singlish and Standard English.We can do so through the means of modelling, conducting observations and discussions, to help them to differentiate the occasions for using Standard English or Singlish, and the various reasons for switching between these two varieties of language. For example, we use Standard English in answering questions, in writing, in presentations, and in sitting for examinations or tests, so as to get good grades as the examiners are able to comprehend what we present in our answers, and be convinced of our competency in acquiring the standard language. We also use Standard English as an essential tool to learn more about the world we live in.However, we use Singlish instead, when conversing with our famil y members and friends, ordering food from hawkers, and especially when idly chatting among ourselves. We would be seen as being ‘snooty’ or ‘distant’ if Standard English is used for these informal occasions. Using Singlish is also a way to make us feel at home with other Singaporeans, both local and overseas. In making such references to their prior knowledge and authentic life experiences, we help our students to realise how to switch between Singlish and Standard English according to the different domains.Thus, students can learn to be effective ‘language-variety-switchers’, and in turn feel proud of their Singaporean linguistic repertoire (Deterding 1998). To conclude, while we acknowledge the ‘popular’ use of Singlish among our students and Singaporeans, the use of Standard English should be strongly advocated as well. Singaporeans must realise the importance of learning Standard English, so as to be able to exercise our langua ge repertoire confidently as effective life-long communicators.Indeed, the mastery of Standard English, together with the use of Singlish and our mother tongues, should imbue in us a sense of pride for our unique Singaporean language heritage. To Use or Not To Use Singlish â€Å"Aiyah! † â€Å"Headache so much for wat?! † â€Å"Use BOTH Singlish and Standard English lor! † Word Count: 1225 words References: Deterding, David 1998. Approaches to Diglossia in the Classroom: The Middle Way. REACT 2 (November), 18-23. Ferguson, Charles A. 1959. Diglossia. In Dell Hymes (ed. ) 1964. Language in Culture and Society. NY: Harcourt. 429 – 439. Holmes, Janet 2001. (2nd ed. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman. 27 – 34. Expat Singapore Pte. Ltd. Language – Singlish http://www. expatsingapore. com/general/language. htm (13 March 2001) Gupta, Anthea Fraser 2001. Linguistic Ecology of Singapore. Paper given at GNEL/MAVEN Conference â€Å"T he Cultural Politics of English as a World Language† Freiburg, 6-9 June. Gupta, Anthea Fraser. Language Varieties – Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish) http://www. une. edu. au/langnet/singlish. htm (8 April 2004) Tan, Hwee Hwee 2002. A War of Words Over ‘Singlish’, TIME Asia 160 (29 July), 3

Free Essays on Tenesee Williams

Tennessee Williams If you have ever witnessed the work of Tennessee Williams on stage or at the theatre you might wonder â€Å"what kind of individual could come up with this stuff? It seems too familiar to him, almost as if he in fact lived through it.† Productions such as â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† which shows a very dysfunctional family make you wonder if Mr. Williams had just a little bit of insight on the matter. The problems that went on in his household could have in fact been a huge factor in his theatre success and the cause of his mental disturbances. In the following paragraphs I will discuss Mr. Williams family life, his love life and his famous awards and productions. Tennessee Williams was born Thomas Lanier Williams on March 26, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. He was a middle child of three children and was often subject to his parents frequent arguments (Williams 10). His father was a shoe salesman and his mother was the daughter of a minister. People believe that Tennessee used his own relationship between his mother as inspiration for the play. His mother allowed a lobotomy to be done on Tennessee’s sister, Rose, which greatly disturbed Williams (Rader 23). You see, his mother did not like any of Rose’s friends which was the cause of a very lonely childhood, and eventually a nervous breakdown. He took care of her for most of her adult life. He choked to death in 1983 on a bottle cap in his hotel room (Smith 198). Tennessee was a man of a different taste. He enjoyed the company of men over women. To put it plainly, he was a homosexual. In 1947 he fell in love with a war veteran by the name of Frank Merlot. Merlot was just another influence in Williams’ ever growing chaotic life. When Merlot died of lung cancer, Williams went into a deep depression that lasted for the rest of his life (Rader 95). He lived in constant fear that he would go crazy as his sister did before him. He battled with prescription pil... Free Essays on Tenesee Williams Free Essays on Tenesee Williams Tennessee Williams If you have ever witnessed the work of Tennessee Williams on stage or at the theatre you might wonder â€Å"what kind of individual could come up with this stuff? It seems too familiar to him, almost as if he in fact lived through it.† Productions such as â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† which shows a very dysfunctional family make you wonder if Mr. Williams had just a little bit of insight on the matter. The problems that went on in his household could have in fact been a huge factor in his theatre success and the cause of his mental disturbances. In the following paragraphs I will discuss Mr. Williams family life, his love life and his famous awards and productions. Tennessee Williams was born Thomas Lanier Williams on March 26, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. He was a middle child of three children and was often subject to his parents frequent arguments (Williams 10). His father was a shoe salesman and his mother was the daughter of a minister. People believe that Tennessee used his own relationship between his mother as inspiration for the play. His mother allowed a lobotomy to be done on Tennessee’s sister, Rose, which greatly disturbed Williams (Rader 23). You see, his mother did not like any of Rose’s friends which was the cause of a very lonely childhood, and eventually a nervous breakdown. He took care of her for most of her adult life. He choked to death in 1983 on a bottle cap in his hotel room (Smith 198). Tennessee was a man of a different taste. He enjoyed the company of men over women. To put it plainly, he was a homosexual. In 1947 he fell in love with a war veteran by the name of Frank Merlot. Merlot was just another influence in Williams’ ever growing chaotic life. When Merlot died of lung cancer, Williams went into a deep depression that lasted for the rest of his life (Rader 95). He lived in constant fear that he would go crazy as his sister did before him. He battled with prescription pil...

Ann Richards Quotes

Ann Richards Quotes Ann Richards was governor of Texas from 1991-1995. When Ann Richards was elected State Treasurer in 1982, she was the first woman elected to statewide office in Texas since Ma Ferguson. Richards was reelected in 1986, unopposed, and then ran for governor in 1990. She came to national prominence with a keynote speech at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. In her 1994 reelection campaign, she lost to George W. Bush, the son of the presidential candidate shed skewered in 1988. Selected Ann Richards Quotations Im not afraid to shake up the system, and the government needs more shaking up than any other system I know. I have very strong feelings about how you lead your life. You always look ahead, you never look back. The here and now is all we have, and if we play it right its all well need. I have always had the feeling I could do anything and my dad told me I could. I was in college before I found out he might be wrong. They blame the low income women for ruining the country because they are staying home with their children and not going out to work. They blame the middle income women for ruining the country because they go out to work and do not stay home to take care of their children. I feel very strongly that change is good because it stirs up the system. I did not want my tombstone to read, She kept a really clean house. I think Id like them to remember me by saying, She opened government to everyone. Ive always said that in politics, your enemies cant hurt you, but your friends will kill you. Teaching was the hardest work I had ever done, and it remains the hardest work I have done to date. Let me tell you, sisters, seeing dried egg on a plate in the morning is a lot dirtier than anything Ive had to deal with in politics. Power is what calls the shots, and power is a white male game. If you think taking care of yourself is selfish, change your mind. If you dont, youre simply ducking your responsibilities. Im really glad that our young people missed the Depression, and missed the great big war. But I do regret that they missed the leaders that I knew. Leaders who told us when things were tough, and that we would have to sacrifice, and these difficulties might last awhile. They didnt tell us things were hard for us because we were different, or isolated, or special interests. They brought us together and they gave us a sense of national purpose. [1988 keynote address, Democratic National Convention] I have a real soft spot in my heart for librarians and people who care about books. You can put lipstick and earrings on a hog and call it Monique, but its still a pig. Women elected Bill Clinton this time. He acknowledges it, the country acknowledges it, and the columnists acknowledge it, and when you have that kind of political clout, you can effect change and do it well. And Im real proud to have been a part of that. I get a lot of cracks about my hair, mostly from men who dont have any. Let me tell you that I am the only child of a very rough-talking father. So dont be embarrassed about your language. Ive either heard it or I can top it. The public does not like you to mislead or represent yourself to be something youre not. And the other thing that the public really does like is the self-examination to say, you know, Im not perfect. Im just like you. They dont ask their public officials to be perfect. They just ask them to be smart, truthful, honest, and show a modicum of good sense. I believe in recovery, and I believe that as a role model I have the responsibility to let young people know that you can make a mistake and come back from it. There is a lot more to life than just struggling to make money. I thought I knew Texas pretty well, but I had no notion of its size until I campaigned it. Women, it was painfully clear, werent going to be allowed to use their brains and I certainly wanted to use mine. [Ive] been tested by fire and the fire lost. I hope all the WASP present and past will fly high on wings of our pride in their service ... you have my profound gratitude for the legacy you have given to us and the legacy you pass on to young women today. [about the Women Airforce Service Pilots] I believe Mama would have liked to have had more children, but times were hard and I was the only one. Daddy had the fear maybe that fear is indigenous to the Depression generation that he wouldnt be able to afford all the things he wanted to give me, and he wanted to give me everything hed never had. So they never had another child. Poor George, he cant help it. He was born with a silver foot in his mouth. [1988 keynote address, Democratic National Convention] I am delighted to be here with you this evening because after listening to George Bush all these years, I figured you needed to know what a real Texas accent sounds like. [1988 keynote address, Democratic National Convention] On How to Be a Good Republican: [excerpts] You have to believe that those privileged from birth achieve success all on their own.You have to be against all government programs, but expect Social Security checks on time.You have to believe...everything Rush Limbaugh says.You have to believe society is color-blind and growing up black in America doesnt diminish your opportunities, but you still wont vote for Alan Keyes.You have to be against government interference in business until your oil company, corporation or Savings and Loan is about to go broke and you beg for a government bailout.You have to believe a poor, minority student with a disciplinary history and failing grades will be admitted into an elite private school with a $1,000 voucher. Most of all, I remember those children in the classrooms and those kids who grabbed me around the knees, and I think of the old people who really need a voice when theyre trapped in wheelchairs in dirty nursing homes. The person in this office really must have a conscience to know that how they direct this government dramatically affects the lives of those people. Jill Buckley on Ann Richards: Shes sort of the female good old boy. You paid the price to some degree. You lost the governorship of Texas because this country still is a little bit schizoid, isn’t it, about the role of women in American politics? [1996 question of newsman Tom Brokaw to Ann Richards] More Womens Quotes: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z Explore Womens Voices and Womens History Womens Voices - About Womens QuotesBiographies of WomenToday in Womens HistoryWomens History Home About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. Citation information:Jone Johnson Lewis. Ann Richards Quotes. About Womens History. URL: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/quotes/a/ann_richards.htm . Date accessed: (today). (More on how to cite online sources including this page)

The death of Prophet Mohammed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The death of Prophet Mohammed - Essay Example It therefore follows that the holy book Al-Qur’an and the word of Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) are the two most authentic sources of information for a practicing Muslim (follower of Islam). It is for this reason that the personality of Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is held in high respect and esteem throughout the Muslim world. According to the most authentic of historical records, Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was born at Mecca in the year 570 A.D where he led his early life. His father Abdullah died a few weeks before his birth and his mother died when he was six years of age. ‘Abd al Muttalib’, who was his paternal grandfather, raised him until he was eight years of age, at which point he also passed away. Later on, he was raised by his uncle ‘Abu Talib’. Muhammad (P.B.U.H) spent his early life at the holy city of Mecca, and later on migrated to the city of Madina where he spent the rest of his life. The holy Qur’an was revealed over a period of twenty three years during which time Muhammad (P.B.U.H) continued his preaching activities and managed to convert a lot of Arabs to the religion of Islam. A number of wars took place during this time, and some time before his death, the holy city of Mecca was conquered. This was a turning point in the history of this region and almost all of the tribes of Arabs came under the influence of this newly growing religion. In the eleventh year after migration (al-Hijra), Muhammad (P.B.U.H) started to have health problems which presented as a headache and fever. For more than eleven days he led the prayers of Muslims under these conditions of illness. As his illness progressed, he shifted to his wife Ayesha’s room where he spent the remaining days of his life. A few days before his death, his fever got worse, for which he told his followers to pour water on him. When his fever got better, he spoke to his people and forbade them from worshipping

Modern Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Modern Society - Essay Example For Freud was pleased with the critical review that his Italian disciple had come up with: "I am glad you have shown yourself to be courageous and honest, as always."[ Roazen 2000, page 4] However, the closer we may seem to be in easily understanding his works and get to a conclusion of our own, the more complicated our thinking process about him becomes. As for citing an example, the following citation goes: In his Civilization and Its Discontents (1930) he would make no bones about why he thought the love for humanity was both unrealistic and undesirable. In a way Freud had given away his true sentiments even in his letter to Rolland, when he put the love of mankind on the same level as the necessity for technology, which Freud like other Europeans of his time looked on with at best mixed feelings[Roazen 2000, page5]. Further, His book Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious is one of the most complicated ones he ever wrote, and attracts little attention nowadays. That text is littered with examples of the worldly wisdom which can be communicated through jokes. Freud's dry cynicism was frequently reported. We know a bit about how much he appreciated Mark Twain's public appearances in Vienna. Like all complex figures Freud had his multiple contradictions, but he harnessed them into making the great literature he left which is still capable of enlivening debates today. It remains for the future to determine whether Freud will in the end succeed in ranking with thinkers like Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau, and others who disturbed the sleep of the world [Roazen 2000, page 8]. By withdrawing all their liberated energies into their life on earth, they will probably succeed in achieving a state of things in which life will... The citizen in modem society, laboring, according to Freud, under a heavy burden of unconscious guilt, does not recognize it; he only feels a "sort of uneasiness or discontent for which other motivations are ~ought."The patient does not recognize this sense of guilt either. "As far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty; he does not feel guilty, he feels ill."4 Freud seems to suggest, however, that the "pale criminal" or "criminal from a sense of guilt," can, in fact, partially recognize his unconscious guilt.' This type of criminal, Freud tells us, does not feel guilty because he commits crimes; rather he commits crimes because he suffers from an oppressive pre-existing sense of guilt which he cannot account for. Freud implicitly did, the idea of unconscious guilt as a means of changing and restructuring society? I suggest that they did, that the crisis of pestilence was also an opportunity, an opportunity to topple rulers, banish one's political opponents, and change the form of regime. The process of purification was an integral part of classical politics. Freud finally comes to the conclusion, in Civilization and Its Discontents, that since society will not see that it is sick, and would resist treatment, in any case, the only hope for society lies in its being coerced into receiving therapy". Any problem which society experienced could be explained as the result of an unconscious sense of guilt, due to the fathers having sinned even centuries earlier.